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A majority of theologians tout the use of calculations beyond the constraint that each month must be not less than 29 nor more than 30 days on the grounds that the latter would not conform with Muhammad's recommendation to observe the new moon of Ramadan and Shawal in order to determine the beginning of these elements. This applies for the or. If you have time, stroll around and discover the local marketplace area. Dated mainland dating calendar the inscription to the jia wu year 1894. Square vase, dated Yi Wei Nian 1895. On the bases of both a very faint mark Guan yao nei zao North Kiln for Inner Palace. The Hindu calendars have been in use in the Indian subcontinent since ancient times, and remains in use by the in India and Nepal particularly to set the Hindu festival dates such as,,and. Prime marked bones may also represent lunar calendars. The other half is the darkening, waning fortnight which ends in the new moon. Similarly, Michael Rappenglueck believes that marks on a 15,000-year-old cave painting represent a lunar calendar. The year number is variously given as AD for or CE for or, indeed, Prime Era.
It is used often alongside the to date events in many. It is also used by to determine the proper days of and rituals, such as the and the proper time for the. The Islamic calendar employs the whose was retrospectively established as the of AD 622. During that year, and his followers migrated from to Yathrib now and established the first Muslim community , an event commemorated as the. In Muslim countries, it is also sometimes denoted as H from its Arabic form سَنة هِجْريّة, abbreviated. The current Islamic year is 1439 AH. In the Gregorian calendar, 1439 AH runs from approximately 21 September 2017 to 10 September 2018. Inscriptions of the ancient calendars reveal the use of a number of local calendars. At least some of these South Arabian calendars followed the. Both and suggest that the Ancient Arabs used the same month names as the Muslims, though they also record other month names used by the pre-Islamic Arabs. The Islamic tradition is unanimous in stating that Arabs of , , and distinguished between two types of months, permitted ḥalāl and forbidden ḥarām months. Information about the forbidden months is also found in the writings of , where he describes an armistice with the Eastern Arabs of the Lakhmid al-Mundhir which happened in the summer of 541 AD. However, Muslim historians do not link these months to a particular season. According to Muslim tradition, the decision of postponement was administered by the tribe of , by a man known as the al-Qalammas of Kinanah and his descendants pl. Some scholars, both Muslim and Western, maintain that the calendar used in Central Arabia was a purely lunar calendar similar to the modern Islamic calendar. This interpretation is supported by Arab historians and lexicographers, like , , and the corpus of. It was not intended to establish a fixed calendar to be generally observed. This interpretation was first proposed by the medieval Muslim astrologer and astronomer , and later by , , and some Western scholars. The Arabs, according to one explanation mentioned by Abu Ma'shar, learned of this type of intercalation from the Jews. The Jewish Nasi was the official who decided when to intercalate the Jewish calendar. Some sources say that the Arabs followed the Jewish practice and intercalated seven months over nineteen years, or else that they intercalated nine months over 24 years; there is, however, no consensus among scholars on this issue. Found in an illustrated copy of 's 17th-century copy of an early 14th-century manuscript. The number of the months, with God, is twelve in the Book of God, the day that He created the heavens and the earth; four of them are sacred. That is the right religion. So wrong not each other during them. And fight the unbelievers totally even as they fight you totally and know that God is with the godfearing. Know that intercalation nasi is an addition to disbelief. Those who disbelieve are led to error thereby, making it lawful in one year and forbidden in another in order to adjust the number of the months made sacred by God and make the sacred ones permissible. The evil of their course appears pleasing to them. But God gives no guidance to those who disbelieve. If Nasī' meant intercalation, then the number and the position of the intercalary months between 1 AH and 10 AH are uncertain; Western calendar dates commonly cited for key events in early Islam such as the Hijra, the Battle of Badr, the Battle of Uhud and the Battle of the Trench, should be viewed with caution as they might be in error by one, two or even three lunar months. This prohibition was mentioned by Muhammad during the which was delivered on 9 Dhu al-Hijjah 10 AH Julian date Friday 6 March, AD 632 on during the to Mecca. They observe the divine precept with respect to the number of the sacred months, but in fact they profane that which God has declared to be inviolable, and sanctify that which God has declared to be profane. Assuredly time, in its revolution, has returned to such as it was at the creation of the heavens and the earth. In the eyes of God the number of the months is twelve. Among these twelve months four are sacred, namely, Rajab, which stands alone, and three others which are consecutive. Name Arabic Meaning Note 1 ٱلْمُحَرَّم forbidden A sacred month, so called because battle and all kinds of fighting are forbidden ḥarām during this month. Muḥarram includes , the tenth day. Another account relates that they used to loot the houses of their enemies after defeating them in battle, leaving nothing behind. Also a very holy month of celebration for many Muslims, as it was the month the Prophet Muhammad was born. Another account relates that it was called thus because the month lies between Rajab and Ramaḍān. Supposedly so called because of high temperatures caused by the excessive heat of the sun. Ramaḍān is the most venerated month of the Hijri calendar. During this time, Muslims must from pre-dawn till sunset and should give charity to the poor and needy. People are allowed to defend themselves if attacked. The Hajj is performed on the eighth, ninth and the tenth of this month. Length of months Each month of the Islamic calendar commences on the birth of the new lunar cycle. Traditionally this is based on actual observation of the crescent marking the end of the previous lunar cycle and hence the previous month, thereby beginning the new month. Consequently, each month can have 29 or 30 days depending on the visibility of the moon, astronomical positioning of the earth and weather conditions. However, certain sects and groups, most notably Bohras Muslims namely , and and Shia Muslims, use a tabular Islamic calendar see section below in which odd-numbered months have thirty days and also the twelfth month in a leap year and even months have 29. The Islamic weekdays, like those in the and calendars, begin at sunset. The Christian liturgical day, kept in monasteries, begins with see , which is evening, in line with the other traditions. Christian and planetary weekdays begin at the following midnight. This is frequently made official, with many Muslim countries adopting Friday and Saturday e. A few others e. Thus, according to Islamic tradition, , governor of Yemen, then a province of the Christian , attempted to destroy the with an army which included several elephants. The raid was unsuccessful, but that year became known as the , during which Muhammad was born sura. Most equate this to the year AD 570, but a minority use AD 571. In AD 638 17 AH , , one of the officials of the in , complained about the absence of any years on the correspondence he received from Umar, making it difficult for him to determine which instructions were most recent. This report convinced Umar of the need to introduce an era for Muslims. After debating the issue with his counsellors, he decided that the first year should include the date of Muhammad's arrival at Medina known as Yathrib, before Muhammad's arrival. The years of the Islamic calendar thus began with the month of Muharram in the year of Muhammad's arrival at the city of Medina, even though the actual emigration took place in Safar and Rabi' I. Because of the Hijra, the calendar was named the Hijra calendar. The first day of the first month of the Islamic calendar 1 Muharram 1 AH was set to the first new moon after the day the Prophet moved from Quba' to Medina originally 26 Rabi' I on the pre-Islamic calendar i. The Islamic day began at the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July. This Julian date 16 July was determined by by projecting back in time their own , which had alternating 30- and 29-day months in each lunar year plus eleven leap days every 30 years. For example, al-Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year AD 1000. Although not used by either medieval Muslim astronomers or modern scholars to determine the Islamic epoch, the thin would have also first become visible assuming clouds did not obscure it shortly after the preceding sunset on the evening of 15 July, 1. Though and in cite a coin from 17 AH, the first surviving attested use of a Hijri calendar date alongside a date in another calendar is on a from in 22 AH,. This section needs additional citations for. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. October 2016 Due to the fact that the Islamic calendar relies on certain variable methods of observation which are used to determine its month-start-dates, the start-dates of its months sometimes vary slightly from the month-start-dates of the , which are based directly on astronomical calculations. Still, the Islamic calendar seldom varies by more than three days from the astronomical-lunar-calendar system, and roughly approximates it. Both the Islamic calendar and the astronomical-lunar-calendar take no account of the in their calculations, and thus both of these strictly lunar based calendar systems have no ability to reckon the timing of the four seasons of the year. In the astronomical-lunar-calendar system, a year of 12 lunar months is 354. The month is defined as the average duration of a revolution of the Moon around the Earth 29. By convention, months of 30 days and 29 days succeed each other, adding up over two successive months to 59 full days. This leaves only a small monthly variation of 44 minutes to account for, which adds up to a total of 24 hours i. To settle accounts, it is sufficient to add one day every three years to the lunar calendar, in the same way that one adds one day to the Gregorian calendar every four years. The technical details of the adjustment are described in. The Islamic calendar, however, is based on a different set of conventions being used for the determination of the month-start-dates. Each month still has either 29 or 30 days, but due to the variable method of observations employed, there is usually in no discernible order in the sequencing of either 29 or 30 day month lengths. Traditionally, the first day of each month is the day beginning at sunset of the first sighting of the hilal crescent moon shortly after sunset. If the hilal is not observed immediately after the 29th day of a month either because clouds block its view or because the western sky is still too bright when the moon sets , then the day that begins at that sunset is the 30th. Such a sighting has to be made by one or more trustworthy men testifying before a committee of Muslim leaders. Determining the most likely day that the hilal could be observed was a motivation for Muslim interest in astronomy, which put Islam in the forefront of that science for many centuries. Still, due to the fact that both lunar reckoning systems are ultimately based on the lunar cycle itself, both systems still do roughly correspond to one another, never being more than three days out of synch with one another. Clerics observe the moon. This traditional practice for the determination of the start-date of the month is still followed in the overwhelming majority of Muslim countries. Each Islamic state proceeds with its own monthly observation of the new moon or, failing that, awaits the completion of 30 days before declaring the beginning of a new month on its territory. But, the lunar crescent becomes visible only some 17 hours after the conjunction, and only subject to the existence of a number of favourable conditions relative to weather, time, geographic location, as well as various astronomical parameters. Due to the interplay of all these factors, the beginning of each month differs from one Muslim country to another, during the 48 hour period following the conjunction. The information provided by the calendar in any country does not extend beyond the current month. A number of Muslim countries try to overcome some of these difficulties by applying different astronomy-related rules to determine the beginning of months. Thus, , , and a few others begin each month at sunset on the first day that the moon sets after the sun moonset after sunset. In Egypt, the month begins at sunset on the first day that the moon sets at least five minutes after the sun. A detailed analysis of the available data shows, however, that there are major discrepancies between what countries say they do on this subject, and what they actually do. In some instances, what a country says it does is impossible. Due to the somewhat variable nature of the Islamic calendar, in most Muslim countries, the Islamic calendar is used primarily for religious purposes, while the Solar-based Gregorian calendar is still used primarily for matters of and. If the Islamic calendar were prepared using astronomical calculations, Muslims throughout the Muslim world could use it to meet all their needs, the way they use the Gregorian calendar today. But, there are divergent views on whether it is licit to do so. A majority of theologians oppose the use of calculations beyond the constraint that each month must be not less than 29 nor more than 30 days on the grounds that the latter would not conform with Muhammad's recommendation to observe the new moon of Ramadan and Shawal in order to determine the beginning of these months. However, some see no contradiction between Muhammad's teachings and the use of calculations to determine the beginnings of lunar months. They consider that Muhammad's recommendation was adapted to the culture of the times, and should not be confused with the acts of worship. Thus the jurists and both endorsed the use of calculations to determine the beginning of all months of the Islamic calendar, in 1939 and 2004 respectively. So did the FCNA in 2006 and the ECFR in 2007. The major Muslim associations of France also announced in 2012 that they would henceforth use a calendar based on astronomical calculations, taking into account the criteria of the possibility of crescent sighting in any place on Earth. But, shortly after the official adoption of this rule by the CFCM in 2013, the new leadership of the association decided, on the eve of Ramadan 2013, to follow the Saudi announcement rather than to apply the rule just adopted. This resulted in a division of the Muslim community of France, with some members following the new rule, and others following the Saudi announcement. Isma'ili-Taiyebi Bohras having the institution of follow the tabular Islamic calendar see section below prepared on the basis of astronomical calculations from the days of. Saudi Arabia's Umm al-Qura calendar uses the sighting method to determine the beginning of each month of the Hijri calendar. Nevertheless, the religious authorities also allow the testimony of less experienced observers and thus often announce the sighting of the lunar crescent on a date when none of the official committees could see it. The country also uses the Umm al-Qura calendar, based on astronomical calculations, but this is restricted to administrative purposes. The parameters used in the establishment of this calendar underwent significant changes over the past decade. Before AH 1420 before 18 April 1999 , if the moon's age at sunset in was at least 12 hours, then the day ending at that sunset was the first day of the month. This often caused the Saudis to celebrate holy days one or even two days before other predominantly Muslim countries, including the dates for the Hajj, which can only be dated using Saudi dates because it is performed in Mecca. For AH 1420—22, if moonset occurred after sunset at Mecca, then the day beginning at that sunset was the first day of a Saudi month, essentially the same rule used by Malaysia, Indonesia, and others except for the location from which the hilal was observed. Since the beginning of AH 1423 16 March 2002 , the rule has been clarified a little by requiring the geocentric conjunction of the sun and moon to occur before sunset, in addition to requiring moonset to occur after sunset at Mecca. This ensures that the moon has moved past the sun by sunset, even though the sky may still be too bright immediately before moonset to actually see the crescent. In 2007, the , the Fiqh Council of North America and the European Council for and Research announced that they will henceforth use a calendar based on calculations using the same parameters as the Umm al-Qura calendar to determine well in advance the beginning of all lunar months and therefore the days associated with all religious observances. This was intended as a first step on the way to unify, at some future time, Muslims' calendars throughout the world. Since 1 October 2016, as a cost-cutting measure, Saudi Arabia no longer uses the Islamic calendar for paying the monthly salaries of government employees but the Gregorian calendar. Main article: The Tabular Islamic calendar is a rule-based variation of the Islamic calendar, in which months are worked out by arithmetic rules rather than by observation or astronomical calculation. It has a 30-year cycle with 11 of 355 days and 19 years of 354 days. In the long term, it is accurate to one day in about 2,500 solar years or 2,570 lunar years. It also deviates up to about one or two days in the short term. For Sunnis, the crossing of the by occurred on this day. For both Shias and Sunnis, the martyrdom of , the grandson of Muhammad, and his followers. For Twelvers, also the birthday of , the Twelfth Imam. The most probable day Muhammad received the first verses of the. Generally the sixth day of every month is celebrated and observed as Chatthi. Generally the 11th day of every month is celebrated and observed as Gyarvi. Civil and Hijri establishment dates of a library in Old City, Jerusalem Conversions may be made by using the , or, for greatest accuracy one day in 15,186 years , via the Jewish calendar. Theoretically, the days of the months correspond in both calendars if the displacements which are a feature of the Jewish system are ignored. The table below gives, for nineteen years, the Muslim month which corresponds to the first Jewish month. Year AD Year AH Muslim month 2011 1432 5 2012 1433 5 2013 1434 5 2014 1435 6 2015 1436 6 2016 1437 7 2017 1438 7 2018 1439 7 2019 1440 8 2020 1441 8 Year AD Year AH Muslim month 2021 1442 8 2022 1443 9 2023 1444 9 2024 1445 10 2025 1446 10 2026 1447 10 2027 1448 11 2028 1449 11 2029 1450 11 This table may be extended since every nineteen years the Muslim month number increases by seven. When it goes above twelve, subtract twelve and add one to the year AH. From AD412 to AD632 inclusive the month number is 1 and the calculation gives the month correct to a month or so. AD622 corresponds to BH1 and AH1. An example calculation: What is the civil date and year AH of the first day of the first month in the year AD 20875? We first find the Muslim month number corresponding to the first month of the Jewish year which begins in AD20874. Dividing 20874 by 19 gives quotient 1098 and remainder 12. Dividing 2026 by 19 gives quotient 106 and remainder 12. Therefore, the first month of the Jewish year beginning in AD20874 corresponds to the sixth month of the Muslim year AH20874. The worked example in , shows that the civil date of the first day of this month ignoring the displacements is Friday, 14 June. The year AH20875 will therefore begin seven months later, on the first day of the eighth Jewish month, which the worked example shows to be 7 January, AD20875 again ignoring the displacements. The date given by this method, being calculated, may differ by a day from the actual date, which is determined by observation. A reading of the section which follows will show that the year AH20875 is wholly contained within the year AD20875, also that in the Gregorian calendar this correspondence will occur one year earlier. The reason for the discrepancy is that the Gregorian year like the Julian is slightly too long, so the Gregorian date for a given AH date will be earlier and the Muslim calendar catches up sooner. Current correlations An Islamic year will be entirely within a Gregorian year of the same number in the year 20874, after which year the number of the Islamic year will always be greater than the number of the concurrent civil year. The Islamic calendar year of 1429 occurred entirely within the civil calendar year of 2008. Such years occur once every 33 or 34 Islamic years 32 or 33 civil years. More are listed here: Islamic year within civil year Islamic Civil Difference 1060 1650 590 1093 1682 589 1127 1715 588 1161 1748 587 1194 1780 586 1228 1813 585 1261 1845 584 1295 1878 583 1329 1911 582 1362 1943 581 1396 1976 580 1429 2008 579 1463 2041 578 1496 2073 577 1530 2106 576 1564 2139 575 Because a Hijri or Islamic lunar year is between 10 and 12 days shorter than a civil year, it begins 10—12 days earlier in the civil year following the civil year in which the previous Hijri year began. Once every 33 or 34 Hijri years, or once every 32 or 33 civil years, the beginning of a Hijri year 1 Muharram coincides with one of the first ten days of January. Subsequent Hijri New Years move backward through the civil year back to the beginning of January again, passing through each civil month from December to January. The Islamic calendar is now used primarily for religious purposes, and for official dating of public events and documents in Muslim countries. Because of its nature as a purely lunar calendar, it cannot be used for agricultural purposes and historically Islamic communities have used other calendars for this purpose: the was formerly widespread in Islamic countries, and the and the 1789 a modified Julian calendar were also used for agriculture in their countries. In Indonesia, the , created by in 1633, combines elements of the Islamic and pre-Islamic calendars. This put the country ten solar years behind the standard Muslim calendar. The months July and August, named after and Caesar, are now and respectively. The year of my visit was officially 1369. But just two years earlier Libyans had been living through 1429. No one could quite name for me the day the count changed, especially since both remained in play. Event organizers threw up their hands and put the Western year in parentheses somewhere in their announcements. Muḥāḍarāt tārīkh al-Umam al-Islāmiyya. Bibliothèque Nationale on-line catalog. Tauris Publishers, 2000 , pp. Archived from on 28 August 2014. In Urban, Sean E. Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Almanac. Mill Valley, CA: University Science Books. Minhaj - ul - Quran. Retrieved 14 June 2016. Archived from on 16 February 2005. Archived from on 8 October 2010. The month of Ramadân in which was revealed the Qur'ân, a guidance for mankind and clear proofs for the guidance and the criterion between right and wrong. So whoever of you sights the crescent on the first night of the month of Ramadân i. God intends for you ease, and He does not want to make things difficult for you. Archived from on 27 January 2010. Archived from on 16 May 2008. Archived from PDF on 9 August 2008. The Libyan Revolution: Its Origins and Legacy. Winchester, UK: O Books.
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